batteries & charging
families
- alkaline/NiMH: easy; NiMH are rechargeable (use smart chargers)
- Li-ion/Li-Po: high energy; need protection & CC/CV chargers
series vs parallel
- series ↑ voltage; parallel ↑ capacity (mAh)
- parallel only matched cells with a BMS
caution
Li-ion needs proper chargers and protection (BMS). never short; store and dispose safely. charging
- CC/CV profile for Li-ion (e.g., TP4056 for 1-cell, observe limits).
- don’t charge below 0 °C or above ~45 °C; avoid over-discharge.